The development of a U. DOD and NASA continue to play a role in developing new launch vehicles, though some private companies are developing their own. The most controversial issues are the relative roles of the government versus the. In terms of competition, it must be mentioned that the two major U.
Atlas and Russian Proton vehicles. Boeing offers launches on its Delta 2 launch vehicle, and also is a partner in the Sea Launch venture, where a Ukrainian Zenit launch vehicle with a Russian third stage is launched from a mobile oil rig built by Norway.
Smith for more information. Such satellites provide imagery of the Earth that can be used for land-use planning, environmental studies, mineral exploration, and many other purposes.
The first Landsat satellite was launched in After a tumultuous eight years that saw the effort to privatize Landsat fail, Congress repealed that act and replaced it with the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of P. Landsat 5 and 7, built and operated by the government, are now in orbit; the U.
Landsat 5, launched in , is well past its design lifetime and only partially functioning. One of the sensors on Landsat 7, launched in , also is not functioning properly. Whether and how the U. NASA hoped the private sector, rather than the government, would build the next satellite.
For the long-term, OSTP will lead an effort to develop a strategy for providing this type of data. Coupled with a Clinton Administration policy, these actions led several U.
Those companies must obtain an operating license from NOAA for these systems, and certain conditions apply. Two U. The market for their products is limited, however, and they reportedly are struggling financially. Partially in response to that concern, President Bush signed a new commercial remote sensing policy on April 25, , that is intended to sustain and enhance the U. Controversy over the fact that the imagery has military as well as civilian uses complicates this commercial space effort, however.
Though not as precise as military reconnaissance satellites, the U. Competitors include French, Russian, Indian, and Israeli companies that offer imagery with 2.
One major issue is when the U. When the United States initiated attacks in Afghanistan, instead of requiring the one company that had a commercial satellite in orbit at the time Space Imaging, now part of GeoEye to stop taking images, DOD took a different approach. The government apparently did not limit access to commercial satellite imagery during the Iraqi war.
The Bush policy states that the government will provide a timely and responsive regulatory environment. Special issues have arisen regarding Israel. Potential availability of commercial imagery also has a positive side for the military, since the U. The Bush policy directs the U. Foreign commercial remote sensing space capabilities may be used consistent with national security and foreign policy objectives.
In , Congress passed the Commercial. Space Launch Act Amendments P. The FAA issued a notice of proposed rulemaking for crew and space flight participants in the December 29, , Federal Register p.
The intelligence community makes significant use of space-based intelligence collection capabilities. Best, Jr. DOD and the intelligence community manage a broad array of space activities, including launch vehicle development, communications satellites, navigation satellites the Global Positioning System — GPS ,1 early warning satellites to alert the United States to foreign missile launches, weather satellites, reconnaissance satellites, and developing capabilities to protect U.
These systems continue to play significant roles in U. How to organize DOD and the intelligence community to work effectively on space programs has been an issue for many years. Although U. The same launch vehicles can be used to launch any type of military, civilian, or commercial satellite.
DOD uses some civilian satellites and vice versa. After the Cold War, interest in space weapons to attack satellites antisatellite, or ASAT, weapons or ballistic missiles declined initially, but was rekindled beginning with the th Congress. The Clinton Administration changed the name of the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization to the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization to reflect a new focus on theater missile defense in the wake of the Persian Gulf War, rather than national missile defense.
The George W. The concept of placing weapons in space, as part of a missile defense system or otherwise, remains controversial. The same day, Representative Kucinich introduced a bill H. These countries, including many of the individual members of ESA, present opportunities for cooperation, as well as competition.
Many NASA programs today have an international component. They also compete with U. Europe, India, Ukraine, and Russia compete in launch services.
France, Russia, India and Israel compete in satellite remote sensing, and Europe competes in communications satellite manufacturing. Cooperation and competition between the United States and the former Soviet Union. Competition with the Soviet Union was measured less in economic terms than in prestige and national defense.
The main area of competition today seems to be on the economic front, although Russian and Ukrainian companies have joint ventures with U. The DOD funding figures must be used cautiously, however. Newer figures, showing what Congress appropriated for FY and the request for FY, are not yet available.
The space shuttle program would be terminated when construction of the International Space Station ISS is completed, currently expected in How it will do so without the shuttle is uncertain; NASA is assessing what other government or commercial launch vehicles and spacecraft might be able to accomplish those tasks.
The President invited other countries to join the United States in the Vision. NASA has not provided an estimate for sending astronauts to Mars. This impressive environmental record of major TNCs. Corporate social accountability is an increasingly scholars opposed to neoliberal globalisation. SpinWatch jurisdiction. Specific actions development models. It has produced a number of publications designed to support corporations that are willing to embrace a CSR program. It contains information on of their activities?
It also funds the Advisory Committee Corporate Social Responsibility Monitor that conducts an annual survey of global public opinion, covering a variety of corporate responsibility In June the Australian Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations issues. It provides corporate decision-makers with critical insights and and Financial Services also resolved to inquire into Corporate comparative information to better understand the trends shaping their Responsibility and Triple-Bottom-Line reporting for incorporated entities international business and policy environment.
The Canadian government in Australia. This Institute has sought to promote a holistic and multidisciplinary approach Green Paper aims to launch a wide debate on how the European Union to social development by focusing on decision-making processes, often could promote corporate social responsibility at both the European and conflicting social forces, and the question of who wins and who loses in international level, in particular on how to make the most of existing social change.
UNRISD produces a varied publications program, which experiences, to encourage the development of innovative practices, to includes in-house and commercially published books, special reports, bring greater transparency and to increase the reliability of evaluation and program and occasional papers, many of which deal with CSR issues, validation.
It suggests an approach based on the deepening of partnerships including Regulations for Corporations: A Historical Account of TNC in which all actors have an active role to play. In March , the Corporations and Markets Advisory restrict the growth of corporate power during the twentieth century.
A and environmentally responsible business practices and if so, document containing summaries of all presentations made at the UNRISD how?
The guidelines aim review plus certain other references that were consulted but not cited. Principles of Corporate Governance which has become an international benchmark for policy makers, investors, corporations and Aguilera, Ruth V.
Williams, John M. Rupp Draft Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations. Journal of Corporate Citizenship. Issue conduct in the areas of human rights, labour standards, the environment Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth responsibilities of business and government in the area of labour and of Australia. Corporate Social Responsibility: Discussion Paper. Bendell, Jem Number January Citizenship; Winter Issue Green paper. Luxembourg: Office the meaning of development?
Journal of Business Ethics. Broberg M. Journal of Business Intelligence. February: Fox, Tom, Halina Ward, et al. London: Christian Aid. Frankental Peter Corporate Communications: An International Journal. Commissioner for Human Rights: Responsibilities of transnational 6 1 : Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Clarke, A. The New York Times Magazine. September University of Alberta, Edmonton, 17—19 November. Frynas, Jedrzej George International Affairs. Journal of Business Strategy.
Danish Ministry of Social Affairs Guay Journal of Management Studies. Schmidheiny, and P. World Development. Business Case for Sustainable Development. Sheffield: Greenleaf 34 5 : — Grayson, David Geneva: International Labor Organisation.
Policy Integration Greenwood, Michelle R The Journal of Globalization. Working Paper No Corporate Citizenship. Winter: Husted B. International Feminist Range Planning. Journal of Politics.
University of Nottingham, Studies. Social Responsibility? Japan Federation of Economic Organizations. Keidanren Charter for Good Hamann, R. Acutt Jenkins, Rhys Journal of Public Affairs. Hemphill T. Joseph, E. New Economy. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. Journal of Business Hertz N. Corporate Ethics. Governance, 12 2 : European Journal of Business in Society.
Management Journal. Moon, Jeremy Journal of Consumer Marketing. Corporate Social Responsibility, Research paper Series. Winter Issue Muchlinski, P. Linton, April Development in Practice. Spring Issue Owen, David European Accounting Review. Citizenship Studies. International Parker, C. British Journal of Industrial Relations.
CRS-4 staff, a significant and new strategic planning capability, DHS-wide policy development assets, a senior policy advisor focused on refugee asylum policies, and enhanced private sector liaison resources. This office oversees the Policy Review Board, which evaluates, promotes, and tracks developing policies throughout the Department.
The Policy Review Board will be the vehicle by which senior leadership within the Department can assess proposals for major policy initiatives, ensure these initiatives are consistent with strategic goals and priorities, enhance inter- 10 Ibid. CRS-5 departmental engagement in policy development and provide clear leadership on policy initiatives.
TTIC has the primary responsibility Brennan to the Honorable Susan M. First of all, that person will be able to speak for all of the intelligence components within DHS. Coast Guard. The fourth and final structural realignment area discussed by Secretary Chertoff in his July 13, , 2SR remarks concerned restructuring the department regarding its preparedness responsibilities. Under this arrangement, separating preparedness from 33 U. What the restructuring proposes to do is to take out of FEMA a couple of elements that were really not related to its core mission, that were more generally focused on the issue of preparedness in a way that I think was frankly more of a distraction to FEMA than an enhancement to FEMA.
And we wanted to make sure the leadership of FEMA was not torn between its need to focus on the FEMA role the additional, rather more strategic, preparedness functions, which [I] think that we are now seeking to unify and put together in a coordinated fashion. The Secretary said: The idea with a chief medical officer is precisely to give us somebody who owns the entirety of this system, of response with respect to health issues. That 36 U. CRS would be prevention, protection and response and recovery, because in many cases, particularly dealing with biological threats, response and recovery is a very, very important element of our defense strategy.
Recommended in the same Heritage Special Report of December 13, , that championed an Under Secretary for Policy for DHS,47 the proposal received some attention at a January 26, , hearing of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on the future of DHS, but at least one expert witness went on record as opposed to the idea, and the acting DHS Inspector General, who testified at the hearing, was asked by the chair to do a study on the issue and report back to the committee.
When we sat down to talk about a border security strategy, what we needed to do was to build a plan that was comprehensive, that took us from the beginning of the process through the end, and that spanned, among other things, the role of CBP, ICE and Coast Guard.
Your list of legislative changes is very narrow. And I hope you will work with the committee so that we can draft a more comprehensive reauthorization bill. CRS and entity, but before the terms program and function.
This placement suggests Congress may have intended an organizational unit to be smaller than an agency and entity on the general assumption that things of a higher order are named at the beginning of an enumeration and that Congress does not intend to be superfluous.
Because the provision places an organizational unit within the Bureau, it appears Congress intended the term to be something smaller than a bureau.
An office, advisory committee, or laboratory, for example, might arguably qualify as something smaller than an agency, entity, or bureau. Changes to structures other than organizational units would apparently need to be categorized as a reallocation of functions among the officers of the Department or be conducted pursuant to new legislative action to avoid an unauthorized action.
Nonetheless, because the term organizational units is not defined in the HSA or discussed in any relevant legislative history, the scope of the term is not completely clear. This new arrangement raises two issues which the minority members of the House Committee on Homeland Security articulated in a July report. Bennie G. Thompson, et al. CRS Other Concerns. This report, which commended Secretary Chertoff for undertaking 2SR, also reflected frustration with his failure to provide adequate details regarding his proposals, with the result that aspects of the roles of the Assistant Secretary for Cybersecurity and Telecommunications, the Chief Medical Officer, and the Chief Intelligence Officer were unclear and raised important questions.
The proposal, as initially released, provides for the creation or organizational relocation of a number of leadership positions, but often does not specify the compensation level and appointment authority for these positions. It is unclear whether or not the Secretary has sufficient authority, without congressional action, to establish, and make appointments to, the top DHS leadership positions his proposal envisions. Under the Constitution, Congress establishes departments and agencies, and, to whatever degree it chooses, creates the offices and the internal organization of agencies.
It may, for example, lay out a highly specified organizational framework, or it may delegate to the President or the agency head the creation of most positions and distribution of most functions, responsibilities, and authority.
By statutorily establishing leadership positions, Congress determines the shape of the leadership hierarchy for the department as well as a system of accountability to elected officials. The Constitution also provides Congress with considerable discretion over which officers of the United States will be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate PAS positions , and which may be appointed by the President alone PA positions , the courts, or agency heads.
For example, it often allows Senators to have a role in the selection of the nominee and in determining the fitness of the selected individual for the role to which he or she has been nominated. In addition, confirmation hearings provide Senators with an opportunity to conduct oversight over agencies and programs, and to extract a pledge that the nominee will appear before committees of Congress when summoned.
This commitment may not be necessary, under most circumstances, to obtain testimony. An argument could be made that Congress has the authority to call most officers with operational duties, regardless of appointment status, before its committees.
In a opinion, the GAO Comptroller General presumably reasoned that this provision indicates that all officers of the United States are to be PAS positions unless Congress affirmatively delegates that authority Comp. B- , 56 Comp. Valeo, U.
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